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This study extends findings from animal research on blood heterochronicity to humans, introducing a direct measure of biological age based on changes in 10 specific protein biomarkers. It supports the idea that human aging is driven by an accumulation of systemic molecular imbalances, which can be reduced to reverse biological age. The research shows that therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) can shift the human proteome to a more youthful state, restoring proteins that promote regeneration, anti-cancer effects, and apoptosis, and improving immune cell markers by reducing senescence and DNA damage.

Key mechanisms underlying this rejuvenation involve rebalancing signaling pathways like JAK-STAT, MAPK, TGF-beta, NF-κB, and Toll-like receptors, particularly through normalizing TLR4, identified as a central point in molecular rejuvenation. The significance of these findings is supported by large-scale gene expression studies, suggesting TPE may have broad rejuvenating effects on human biological age.